Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse as Rivals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse as Rivals - Essay Example The essay "Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse as Rivals" highlights the rivalry of two of the twentieth century’s renowned artists Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. Matisse Picasso is the first exhibition that was dedicated to the enduring dialogue of the two artists. They were impressed by the artistic prowess of each other from the time they met in 1906. Matisse Picasso tells a story of two artists who were driven to great accomplishments despite their personal differences. Matisse and Picasso’s subject stories captured nursing as a significant topic in their artworks. A model for Matisse, one of the most intriguing stories on Matisse follows the story of a nun called Jacques-Marie. She was hired as a nurse for Matisse in 1941 when he was sick. While attending to his medical needs, she became close to him, a model, spiritual guide and an inspiration for Matisse’s art. Jacques-Marie also known as Monique Bourgeois responded to an advertisement placed by Henri Matiss e. He was in search of a young, beautiful night nurse. As their friendship got stronger Matisse’s work also got better. He created a work that he considered as his greatest life achievement. He called it The Chapel of the Rosary in Venice. Matisse referred to Marie as The True Initiator of the Chapel. When Matisse asked Marie about his work, she told Matisse that she likes the colors but not the drawings. This made Matisse repeat his works to the desired perfection. This was after he discovered that Marie was an amateur artist. (Matisse, Cowling and Picasso 13). Picasso, on the other hand, did a painting that depicted a mother nursing an infant. He dated a young woman called Eva who died shortly after. He moved on to date and later marry Olga, a Russian woman. They had a boy child together before their relationship deteriorated. Picasso had an affair with a nurse called Marie-Therese Walter. These events influenced his later works including his painting of a mother breastfeed ing an infant (Matisse, Cowling and Picasso 34). In the artistic exchange of the two artists, Matisse wanted to articulate an assenting vision of the world. Picasso, on the other hand, wanted everything. Matisse was generous in his artwork and expressions. Picasso had a panache for the new, the unanticipated issues in his work. He created new pieces of work. Matisse strengthened the interaction of color in his pieces of work, while Picasso’s work emphasized on the structure and form. The polarity that existed between them was strong. Thus, they needed each other’s comparison and contrast to keep their artistic work at their best. The works of these two artists can be likened to the nursing profession (Matisse, Cowling and Picasso 263). Nurses are professionals who must always attend to their patients with care. They must always be closer to their patients, know what they need and understand their entire medical concerns. They need to be gentle and respectful. They work with other professionals in their places of work based on work interests, as opposed to friendship. Picasso and Matisse present narrative subjects that can be applied to the nursing profession. They two artists had a relationship such as that shared by a nurse and a doctor. Nurses and doctors are not brought together by friendship but need. A doctor needs a nurse to help in delivering his work. The nurse must help the doctor perform minor responsibilities at the place of work. However, their needs force them to work together for the benefit of the two. Picasso and Matisse’s relationship was based on their needs rather than friendship. Picasso worked with a certain form of eruptive and emotional need while Matisse worked with function

Self harm and suicide Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Self harm and suicide - Coursework Example One of the most common myths is that by asking a person on what their suicide thoughts are they are prompted to actually commit suicide. This myth can be handled through knowing the fact that when an individual is asked about their suicidal thoughts their sense of isolation is lowered and they feel cared for and that there is available help. Another common myth is that suicide and self-harm happen without warning. The nurses being aware that most individuals before committing suicide they are verbal about their distress and pain can handle this myth. In addition, the myth that suicide only happens to specific people is common. The nurses bearing in mind that anybody is capable of committing suicide can handle the myth. Finally, the myth that people who talk about suicide are just attention seekers is common. Nurses need to know that in most cases patients will try to communicate before they actually commit suicide (Krysinska,

Adam Smiths Contribution to Classical Political Economy

Adam Smiths Contribution to Classical Political Economy Assess the contribution of Adam Smith to the tradition of Classical Political Economy Important Assignment Related Notices Penalties: University policy requires that a penalty be deducted from the actual mark achieved for each working day the assignment is late until 0 is reached. There is a strict deadline of 11:59pm on day of submission. One grade step will be deducted for very 11:59pm deadline that is missed. Any written assessment that exceeds the stated word limit by more than 10% will receive a one grade step mark deduction. Extensions Plagiarism Information: For more information about extensions and plagiarism please refer to your One Stop Shop course. An Originality Report (OR) is generated by Turnitin every time a piece of work is submitted. The OR shows where matches have been found between the submitted document and other existing sources in the Turnitin database. Please note that all assignments will achieve a OR score due to the use of standard coversheets. C. Canvas Assignment Discussions Canvas provides a Discussion Area for each assignment. Both staff and students can leave messages in this area. Please ensure that all communication is undertaken in a professional and polite manner. Remember that: Electronic discussions do not have the benefit of the nonverbal and vocal cues that normally convey meaning in a traditional face-to-face conversation. Satire, sarcasm and â€Å"heat of the moment† feelings can come across as rudeness. Please check your tone before you post a Comment. Instant delivery of a message does not mean an instant reply. Please make an appointment within advertised office hours in the first instance to discuss any matter of assignment feedback and grading. It is College policy that staff will not be actively engaging in debate over matters of feedback and grades with individual students via Canvas’ online Speed Grader system. Assignment Grade: 100 98 93 88 85 83 78 75 73 68 65 63 58 55 53 48 45 43 38 33 28 23 18 13 8 3 0 Admin Note: Marker please a) highlight or box the grade from the above Grade Mark Steps that this assignment has achieved and b) insert the same % into the grade box in the right hand column of Canvas Speedgrader. Feedback Overview of submission (Definition of question, integration of theoretical and empirical material where appropriate, engagement with relevant themes and issues, engagement with relevant academic literature) Quality of research and analysis (Clarity and depth of argument, scope of argument, originality of approach, range of sources used, critical use of sources) Evidence of key skills (Structure, clarity of expression, proper referencing and accompanying bibliography, formatting, evidence of sustained research) Potential areas for improvement (How could a future submission be enhanced?) Assess the contribution of Adam Smith to the tradition of Classical Political Economy Introduction Adam Smith’s contribution to the tradition of classical political economy was hugely influential. This essay will discuss two of his major theories outlined in the Wealth of Nations; the division of labour and then the invisible hand, whilst briefly touching upon Smith’s view on the role of the state and the free-market. Smith was a moral philosopher from the late 18th Century and wrote; â€Å"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations† in 1776, to critique the political-economic system of the time; mercantilism. This was an economic theory and practice that encouraged imperialism and state intervention into the allocation of scarce resources. Smith was writing at the outset of the Industrial Revolution when the world was changing. In the Wealth of Nations, Smith proposed many revolutionary economic theories including; the division of labour, the labour theory of value, the role of the state in an economy and the invisible hand among others, which he thought would build a nations’ wealth. Classical political economy is a group of theories that developed in the 17th – 19th Century to try and understand society on the basis of its economic foundation. Smith viewed political economy as a branch of science of statesmen, aimed at providing its citizens with plentiful revenue or subsistence and sufficient revenue for state for public service. It proposed to enrich both the people and the sovereign. (Smith, 2008, p. 275; Burnham, P., 2014, A). Smith believed that society should be market-based, which he believed were characterised by the three factors of production; land, labour and capital. These factors of production produce three classes within society: landowners, capital owners and labour. Each clas s receives revenue, and all are independent of each other. Smith’s main point in the Wealth of Nations was that all classes could gain from an increase in the scope of the market; anything that impedes the free-market is a problem (Burnham, P., 2014, B). Discussion One of Smith’s key theories, proposed in the Wealth of Nations, was that of the division of labour. This refers to the separation of different parts of the production process according to the worker’s ability and/or the worker’s equipment. Smith believed that the benefits were clear; it enhanced the production process leading to a more efficient use of scarce resources as well as lowering the cost of production (Smith, 2008, Book I, ch.1). Furthermore, Smith strongly believed that the division of labour greatly increased the quantity a worker and/or firm could produce. The results of dividing labour are; the increase in the skill of the worker; reduced time loss upon switching production process, and the invention of machines which aids workers and enables one man to do the work of many. By reducing the worker’s part of the production process to one, simpler operation performed solely by the worker, this increases the worker’s skill and performance. As no worker needs to change task, more time can be dedicated to the production process. The specialisation of workers would enable firms to employ machinery, thus producing more goods more efficiently compared to human capital, reducing the number of workers required to make a certain quantity of goods, and therefore reducing the cost of production (Smith, 2008, pp.15-17). In the 18th Century when The Wealth of Nations was published, factory owners adopted his principle of people specialising in particular jobs as shown in his example of the pin-maker. This principle of specialisation has continued to modern industrial occupations, such as car manufacturing. However, Smith believed that the division of labour was limited by the extent of the market. For example, if the market is so small that a worker cannot sell their produce of labour efficiently, the worker will make losses, and so, on this basis, may work in an industry for which they are not skilled in. Smith argued that division of labour will only take place when the population is large, that will create enough demand for specialised services (Smith, 2008, Book I, ch. 3). Karl Marx disagreed with Smith’s theory, as he believed that specialisation would lead to the alienation of workers as the work becomes repetitive and reduces the value of the worker from a human being to that of a machine (Marx, 1988, p.72). In addition when work becomes more specialised, less training is required for each job, and so, the individual workers become less skilled than if one worker performed the whole task (Marx, 1999, p.119). Smith also critiques the division of labour; he believed that if a worker devoted their life to performing one or a few simple operations of which the effects are similar or the same, the worker has no occasion to discover methods for removing difficulties that never occur. Smith argues that because of this, the worker would generally become as stupid and ignorant as is possible for a human to be (Smith, 2008, pp. 429 430). Another one of Smith’s most prominent ideas was the concept of the ‘Invisible Hand’ and the idea of a free-market (Smith, 2008, Book IV, ch. 2). What Smith actually meant by ‘Invisible Hand’ is still a contested idea between economists, but it is widely believed that it is a metaphor to describe the guide of the allocation of scarce resources in a free-market. A free-market is a market free from government intervention and so the market price of goods are determined by the interaction between supply and demand. Smith stated that all actors, buyers and sellers, act in their own self-interest (Burnham, P., 2014, B). Smith claimed that, due to the absence of government intervention, buyers are free to choose where to buy goods from and seller are free to choose which goods they want to supply and at what price and quantity. Smith believed that this method would benefit society as buyers, acting in their own self-interest, would buy goods from the cheapest sellers. This would mean that firms would compete against each other, trying to gain as many customers as possible to maximise their own self-interest; profit. This would lead to firms cutting their prices in order to gain buyers. In turn, the inefficient firms with higher costs and whose use of resources are inefficient, will not be able to cut their prices, so are forced out of the market. An obvious example of this is budget airlines competing against each other, Laker Airways became bankrupt in 1982 trying to compete. This inevitably leads to a more efficient use of resources, with buyers getting their goods at a cheaper price and/or higher quality; improving their utility whilst the efficient firms reap the benefits of increased profits. Smith believed that because of this, the free-market is the best way to allocate scarce resources and that indi viduals trying to maximise their utility would in turn increase the utility of society (Smith, 2006, p.316). The most obvious example of the free-market theory in practice today is America – whether or not it is successful in allocating resources efficiently or lowering prices is debatable. A common misconception is that Smith wanted no state intervention whatsoever. However, although he wanted a small state, he saw four main roles for the state to play: to uphold the rule of law, to protect society from people who are against the market, to maintain public infrastructure, and to foster â€Å"justice† (Burnham, P. 2014 B). Not everyone agrees with Smith’s theory of the invisible hand and that the free-market benefits society. The free-market does not work efficiently when externalities exist. An externality is an action of an individual that has an impact on others, which the individual does not pay for/the other individual is not compensated for, so therefore, the market price does not reflect the true cost to society (Mankiw Taylor, 2014 p. 189). Marx argued that the capital class, that is those who own the modes of production, do not work and therefore exploit the workers. He also believes that capitalists would eventually accumulate more and more capital, further exploiting the working class (Marx, 1999, Vol. 7). More recently, Joseph Stiglitz identifies that markets are too short-term driven, and are unlikely to invest in research and development, which historically has been done by the government. As well as this, Stiglitz believes that due to asymmetric information and individuals pursui ng their own personal interest, the free-market will inevitably lead to those with the information to benefit at the expense of others, therefore, markets will not be efficient (Stiglitz, 2004). This can be seen in George Akerlof’s example of a used car salesman, who has more information than the customer, and so can gain at the expense of the customer (Akerlof, 1970). Conclusion Adam Smith was immensely influential and made a huge contribution to the tradition of classical political economy. He produced the building blocks for basic liberal economics that of the free-market – and many of his theories are still used in some way today. Smith’s works influenced many prominent economically liberal academics of the 20th Century, including Milton Friedman and Friedrich Hayek. Smith’s theories have been adopted by governments, most notably Margaret Thatcher’s and Ronald Reegan’s, and have been adapted to suit the different situation of modern society. With hindsight, and through criticisms from prominent academics, such as Karl Marx, we now know that there are faults with some of Smith’s key theories, such as asymmetric information and externalities in a market. However, in the 18th Century, Smith’s theories were revolutionary and helped change the political-economic system of Britain from that of mercantilism to cl assical political economy. Smith’s theories also helped to kick-start Britain’s Industrial Revolution in the 18th Century, which aided Britain’s ascension to be the most powerful and wealthy country in the world (Hudson, 2011). Therefore, it could be argued that his contribution was immense and nearly two hundred and fifty years later, he continues to influence political and economic thinking. Bibliography Smith, A. (2008)An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations: A Selected Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, USA Burnham, P. (A) (2014) What is political economy-2.ppt, 08 20891 Political Economy. [online via internal VLE] University of Birmingham available at: https://canvas.bham.ac.uk/courses/7985/files/845717?module_item_id=147603 Burnham, P. (B) (2014) Economic liberalism.pptx, 08 20891 Political Economy. [online via internal VLE] University of Birmingham available at: https://canvas.bham.ac.uk/courses/7985/files/845717?module_item_id=147603 Marx, K. (1988)Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 and the Communist Manifesto (Great Books in Philosophy). Prometheus Books Marx, K. (1999)Das Kapital: A Critique of Political Economy. Regnery Publishing, Inc., An Eagle Publishing Company Smith, A. (2006)The Theory of Moral Sentiments. 7 vols. United States: Waking Lion Press Mankiw, G. and Taylor, M. (2014)Economics. 3rd ed. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Cengage Learning Stiglitz, J. (2004)The Roaring Nineties: A New History of the World’s Most Prosperous Decade. Norton, W. W. Company, Inc. Akerlof, G. (1970) The Market for â€Å"Lemons†: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism.The Quarterly Journal of Economics[online], 84 (3). Available from: http://socsci2.ucsd.edu/~aronatas/project/academic/Akerlof%20on%20Lemons.pdf Hudson, P. (2011) The Workshop of the World. BBC [online], 29 March. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/workshop_of_the_world_01.shtml [Accessed 4 December 2014]

The Degradation of Music for Mass Consumption Essay -- Argumentative P

The Degradation of Music for Mass Consumption From the very first time that someone decided to experiment with a musical tradition, the cry has gone out that "true," "pure," and "good" music is dead to society, and that music itself is on a perpetual slide to oblivion. All apostrophe aside, this is a serious matter to consider. Music inhabits a significant place in all cultures. Musical style is very much a function of the Zeitgeist, reflecting the prevalent tone of the dynamics and pulse of a specific time. As an artistic medium, music has as much to do with the shaping of society, or as a shaped response to society, as do television, literature, language, or art. The fact that we find music pervading so many of our endeavors bears this out. There is nothing like music. A musical composition is a singular, tangible, emotional and intellectual outlet for our expression, so it should be no surprise that the direction of music resonates importance with so many people. Which brings us to the topic: Is the popular music of today of any value, and what does it bode for future music? In the introduction, I have suggested that the style of popular music of a particular period reflects that period. The particular style that is chosen is the artist's response to the agony and ecstasy, or something in between, of the time. The great thing about music, though, is that it can express anything. The Zeitgeist serves as a filter for the form of the music. In this way, the artist can make his point in a medium that is both accessible and acceptable to the listener. Not unlike language, the artist wants to communicate with his audience, and in order to do that, must speak the audience's language. Of course, music, essentially, has only on... ...40 radio, one can easily hear a drum sampling or melody from one popular song sampled directly onto another, an horrific development. Here is music offered to the public, involving virtually no effort by the artist, with massive monetary reimbursement not just expected, but demanded, by today's arrogant performers. The public sucks up image over ability, style over substance. This abominable trend will not right itself until a desire is expressed by the public for some real music, on a large scale. As with any business, the most effective method is purchasing power. Especially in today's market, music production is expensive, and a panhandling amateur will not survive long without financial backing. By identifying and understanding objective values in music and associating them with one's own subjective values, we may yet find an egress from our musical morass.

Faunia Farley – The Human Stain

Besides Coleman Silk, the major character of The Human Stain. By my own opinion, the most interesting charatcer too. She started off as a rich privileged kid who, at the age of 14, had been struck by the worst thing that can happen to a girl at the very edge of her puberty – having a spoiled mother who cared more about the money than for her own daughetr, Faunia had to face an abusing stepfather who found her chilish innocence and beauty too powerful sexual bate to endure. Running away at such early and immature years of her life and staying completely alone and protected only by clear sky and an empty wallet, she had been forced to put up with the worst kind of jobs and worst kind of men that could possibly be found. In her case, these jobs and men seemed to find her more quickly than she found anything else herself. Waitressing in Florida, a 17-year old Faunia is even thinking about becoming a prostitute –  «for a skinny blonde with big tits, a tall, good-looking kid like her with hustle and ambition and guts, got up in miniskirt, a halter, and boots, a thousand bucks a night would be nothing » (p. 160). After a series of not-nice boyfriend who beat her up until she screamed for her life, she finnaly cought up with a neatly–looking guy, this Lester Farley, who seemed to be a guy in his place. She even dared to think her miseries were over and dream about a peaceful life with her husband and a farm on which they could build a life toghether. She was wrong. Les Farley had turned out to be the next worst thing that happened – a Vietnam vet with PTSD and a drinking problem, used her as his punching bag whenever he got drunk and mistakenly thought he was back in Nam and that she was one of the  «gooks » from the jungle. Too often was she awakened by his cold hands firmly gripping her throat (p. 53). But she didn't hate him, she wasn't even too scared of him, she felt sorry for him more than anything. In one of his hard alchohol episodes, she managed to get him to rehab, took their two children, Rawley and Les Junior, and more for theirs sake than her own's, she escaped him. But the problems didn't stop. Getting out of the rehab, Les started to stock her. One night, while she had been with another man in a car, the house where kids slepti was caught in fire and both of them died. Even though there was no evidence of it, she knew it was Les who did it. But it didn't matter. Children's death haunted her and she blamed herself so harshly that she even wanted Les to  «kill her once and for all » (p. 246. ). But  «amazing how nobody's done it yet to the dead children's mother » – she thinks and decides to do something about it herself. She drank Valiu and gin and suffered a clinical death for several minutes, but some fortune, or misfortune, wouldn't let her go (p. 245). Disappointed in everything about herself and determined to end her miseries, she buys carbon-monoxide powder and attepmpts a suicide once again. And once again, her luck slapped her in the face and kept her alive (p. 246. .  «OK, if this is how you wanna play, that's how we're gonna play », Faunia says to some force greater and stronger than human will that played tricks on her her entire life. Accepting everything that had happened and everything that was yet to come, she continues her life with a special kind of wisdom –  «narrow, antisocial, savage and negative, but a wisdom of somebody who expects nothing » (p. 28). Starting to work on a milk farm, in a post office and as a janitor at Athena colledge, she puts a mask over her face and continues to get involved with wrong men in wrong kinds of relationships based mainly on sex. And exactly sex is her power over men. This 34-year-old thin and tall illiterate woman with graying blond hair, firm limbs and breasts, had a look of someone for whom both sex and betrayal are as basic as bread » (p. 50. ). In bed she is  «powerful, coherent, unified being whose pleasure is in overstepping the boundaries. In bed she is a deep phenomenon » (p. 31). After being a part of Smoky Hollenback's sexual triangle, she starts an affair with a 71-year-old Coleman Silk, ex-dean of Athena colledge. He is different from all the other guys that she ever had a bad luck to know, but nonetheless all she wants of him is  «a non-pressure bang, once a week, on the sly, with a man who's been through it all and is nicely cooled out.  » (p. 40). She plays her role, she satisfies him like no other woman ever before, sho doesn't want anything else from him, no expectations, no feelings, no true relationship, she's becoming his Voluptas. And when  «she knows it's happening: that thing, that connection » between them, when she dances for him and  «making him fall in love with her » she says to him:  «We've got all we need. We don't need love. Don't diminish yourself – don't reveal yourself as a sentimental sap. You're dying to do it, but don't. Let's not lose this.  » (p. 231). She knows she's driving him nuts, she knows that her rejection of his feelings makes him want to attach to her sentimentaly even more. She dances for him and teaches him what life really is. She – a 34-year-old illiterate janitor, teaches him – colledge proffessor, ex-dean, a member of highest rank of society class, what life is all about. He's never seen her dance like this, he's never heard her talking like this. Been so long since she talked like this, she'd have thought she'd forgotten how. So very long in hiding. Nobody heard her talking like this. This is not the usual way she entertained men (p. 231. /232). Women who fuck like she does aren't supposed to talk like this – at least that's what the men who don't fuck women like her like to think. That's what the women who don't fuck like her like to think.  «That's what everyone likes to think – stupid Faunia, she says. Well, let 'em. My pleasure. Yes, stupid Faunia has been paying attention. How else does stupid Faunia get through? Being stupid Faunia – that's my achievement, that's me at my most sensible best.  » (p. 233. ) Two of them being so similar and yet so different at the same time. Faunia, who never had anything only hers except bad luck and still never complaining about anything, never shed a single tear over the wreck of her life she is still in a way forced to live and Coleman who  «really thinks his suffering is so life-shattering. It's a lot of assholes not liking him – it's not a big deal. Two kids suffocating and dying, that's a big deal. Having your stepfather put his fingers up your cunt, that's a big deal. Losing your job as you're about to retire isn't a big deal. That's what she hates about him – the privilegedness of his suffering.  » (p. 234. ). But even as she knows all she hates, she knows what she likes. His generosity. So rare for her to be anywhere near anyone's generosity. And the strenght that comes frome being a man who doesn't swing a pipe at her head. She even admitted him she was smart. He listened to her and she was smart. He listens to her and he's loyal to her. He doesn't reproach her for anything. He doesn't plot against her in any way. He takes her seriously. That's sincere. (p. 237. ). This is maybe the only time in all her life she felt good about something, about someone. Felt protected. Felt considered. Maybe even felt loved. Maybe even she felt love towards him. And are these the things you can run away from? A total accident – her last and only lucky accident, and why does she run away? Does she really want to go back to what it was before him? (p. 237. ). No, she doesn't. So she doesn't do that. She's with him till the very end. Death came in a moment when she never wanted it less. In all her life, filled mostly with thoughts about leaving the world, the human race, and all the mseries behid, she never wanted death less. So who is this strong and determined woman? This woman who despiesed human race so much that her best companion for conversation had been a crow and she could be true only to it? This character so complex in all her simplicity? This woman who fooled the world and played the trick on everyone like no one else in such an unexpected way – so simple that it's almost unbelievable? Who chose to wear a mask of illiteracy and promiscuicity becouse she felt she couldn't stand a chance any other way? She's  «the kid whose existence became a hallucination at 7 and a catastrophe at 14 and a disaster after that. The kid who mistrust everyone, sees the con in everyone, and yet is protected against nothing, whose capacity to hold on, unintimidated, is enormous and yet whose purchase on life is minute, misfortune's favourite embattled child, the kid to whom everything loathsome that can happen has happened and whose luck shows no sign of changing.  » (p. 164. ). She's  «the woman who doesn't want to own everything. The woman who doesn't want to own anything. Helen of Nowhere. Helen of Nothing.  »

Marking Time Essay

Marking Time is an Australian mini TV series written by John Doyle and was aired on ABC in 2003. It’s based on a small town called Brakley. The story is told through the eyes of an 18 year old named Hal. Hal falls in love with an Afghani girl, Randa, who recently fled her own country with her father to escape the Taliban. The two face racism and taunts by their community, whose views are influenced greatly by the media and politicians that are expressed during historical events taking place at the time. Soon after 9/11 occured, their home was set on fire by arsonists. Hal’s family let them stay in their home and Randa needed comforting, but Hal and Randa were found in bed together the next morning. Their refugee status got later denied and they were orderd to return to Afghanistan. Hal then went over seas to look for her. This mini-series reflects what’s happening in the world during the years 2000 and 2001 by representing the small town of Brakley as a microcosm. It shows the attitudes Australian’s have towards Asylum seekers. Hal is educated about what’s really going on by his father and his fathers girlfriend and therefore see’s Randa for the person she really is, rather than just a refugee or ‘boatie’ apparently causing trouble. Everyone else in Brackley don’t have the right education and are believing everything the media and politicians are saying about them. The aim of this series is to make us question the information we get fed us, and to hopefully change the assumptions we place on refugees. Marking Time covers the events surrounding the Afghanistan war and Australia’s involvement. This included historical and political events. These events include The 2000 Olympic games and the re-election of the Howard government, The Tampa Crisis, the 9/11 Terrror attack and the Children Overboard affair. These events also include the social aspects in Brakley which led the town to behave in such ways. Australia was the host of the 2000 Olympic games. During this period there was a lot of conflicting opinions regarding the refugee policy as more refugees headed our way. There was also a lot of argument regarding what Australia’s part in the war in Afghanistan was. These two tied together led to suspicion of other cultures, especially refugees. People had little knowledge with what was going on in the war in Afghanistan and about refugees and what they were going through. The social attitude towards what was happening was very mixed. People didn’t have the knowledge for a different view point and they found it hard to understand what was going on, and how they should be responding. Politicians have a large impact on how a society acts towards everything. It’s very easy to believe what they say about anything, especially if all the news were saying the same thing. The Prime Minister of the time, John Howard put the ideas that George W Bush was using in America on Australia. These ideas were that refugees coming to the country were terrorists.

Carbon Facts - Atomic Number 6 or C

Carbon Facts - Atomic Number 6 or C Carbon is the element with atomic number 6 on the periodic table with symbol C. This nonmetallic element is the key to the chemistry of living organisms, primarily due to its tetravalent state, which allows it to form four covalent chemical bonds with other atoms. Here are facts about this important and interesting element. CarbonBasic Facts Atomic Number: 6 Symbol: C Atomic Weight: 12.011 Discovery: Carbon exists free in nature and has been known since prehistoric time. The earliest known forms were charcoal and soot. Diamonds were known in China at least as early as 2500 BCE. The Romans knew how to make charcoal from wood by heating it in a covered container to exclude air.  Renà © Antoine Ferchault de Rà ©aumur showed iron was transformed into steel by the absorption of carbon in 1722. In 1772, Antoine Lavoisier demonstrated diamonds were carbon by heating diamond and charcoal and measuring the released carbon dioxide per gram. Electron Configuration: [He]2s22p2 Word Origin: Latin carbo, German Kohlenstoff, French carbone: coal or charcoal Isotopes: There are seven natural isotopes of carbon. In 1961 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted the isotope carbon-12 as the basis for atomic weights. Carbon-12 accounts for 98.93% of naturally-occurring carbon, while carbon-13 forms the other 1.07%. Biochemical reactions preferentially use carbon-12 over carbon-13. Carbon-14 is a radioisotope that occurs naturally. It is made in the atmosphere when cosmic rays interact with nitrogen. Because it has a short half-life (5730 years), the isotope is almost absent from rocks, but the decay can be used for radiocarbon dating of organisms. Fifteen isotopes of carbon are known. Properties: Carbon is found free in nature in three allotropic forms: amorphous (lampblack, boneblack), graphite, and diamond. A fourth form, white carbon, is thought to exist. Other allotropes of carbon include graphene, fullerenes, and glassy carbon. Diamond is one of the hardest substances, with a high melting point and index of refraction. Graphite, on the other hand, is extremely soft. The properties of carbon depend largely on its allotrope. Uses: Carbon forms numerous and varied compounds with limitless applications. Many thousands of carbon compounds are integral to life processes. Diamond is prized as a gemstone and is used for cutting, drilling, and as bearings. Graphite is used as a crucible for melting metals, in pencils, for rust protection, for lubrication, and as a moderator for slowing neutrons for atomic fission. Amorphous carbon is used for removing tastes and odors. Element Classification: Non-Metal Toxicity: Pure carbon is considered to be non-toxic. It may be eaten as charcoal or graphite or used to prepare tattoo ink. However, inhalation of carbon irritates lung tissue and can lead to lung disease. Carbon is essential for life, as it is the building block for proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats. Source: Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. It is the 15th most abundant element in the Earths crust. The element forms in giant and supergiant stars via the triple-alpha process. When stars die as supernovae, carbon is scattered by the explosion and becomes part of the matter integrated into new stars and planets. Carbon Physical Data Density (g/cc): 2.25 (graphite) Melting Point (K): 3820 Boiling Point (K): 5100 Appearance: dense, black (carbon black) Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 5.3 Ionic Radius: 16 (4e) 260 (-4e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.711 Debye Temperature ( °K): 1860.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 2.55 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 1085.7 Oxidation States: 4, 2, -4 Lattice Structure: Diagonal Lattice Constant (Ã…): 3.570 Crystal Structure: hexagonal Electronegativity: 2.55 (Pauling scale) Atomic Radius: 70 pm Atomic Radius (calc.): 67 pm Covalent Radius: 77 pm Van der Waals Radius: 170 pm Magnetic Ordering: diamagnetic Thermal Conductivity (300 K) (graphite): (119–165) W ·m−1 ·K−1 Thermal Conductivity (300 K) (diamond): (900–2320) W ·m−1 ·K−1 Thermal Diffusivity (300 K) (diamond): (503–1300) mm ²/s Mohs Hardness (graphite): 1-2 Mohs Hardness (diamond): 10.0 CAS Registry Number: 7440-44-0 Quiz: Ready to test your carbon facts knowledge? Take the Carbon Facts Quiz Return to the Periodic Table  of Elements Sources Deming, Anna (2010). King of the elements?. Nanotechnology. 21 (30): 300201. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/21/30/300201Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

Needle Blight Tree Disease - Prevention and Control

Needle Blight Tree Disease - Prevention and Control This group of blight diseases - including Diplodia, Dothistroma and brown spot - attacks conifers (mostly pines) by girdling needles and killing branch tips. These needle blights are caused by the fungus, Dothistroma pini mostly on western pines and Scirrhia acicola on longleaf and Scots pine needles. Needle damage can cause major commercial and ornamental damage to conifers in North America significantly affecting the nursery and Christmas tree industries. Infected needles often fall from the tree creating a symptomatic scorched, denuded look. The blight usually results in dramatic browning and dropping of the foliage beginning on the lower branches. It rarely attacks upper branches on conifers so the tree might not immediately die. Diseased Needle Identification Early symptoms of a blighted needle would be deep-green bands and yellow and tan spots on needles. This deep green color banding is short-lived. The spots and bands quickly turn brown to reddish brown during the summer months. These bands tend to be brighter red and more numerous on pines in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, where this disease is often referred to as the red band disease. Needles may develop extensive leaf browning within several weeks of the first appearance of symptoms. Infection is typically most severe in the lower crown. Infected second-year needles usually drop before infected current-year needles. Needles that become infected the year they emerge often are not shed until late summer the following year. Successive years of severe needle infection can result in tree death. In most cases, the disease makes pines in landscapes unsightly and pines in Christmas tree plantings unmarketable. Prevention Repeated annual cycles of disease infection can result in dead limbs and eventual loss of any meaningful ornamental or commercial value of the conifer. Breaking this infection cycle has to happen to effectively stop the fungus. Brown spot needle blight in longleaf pine is controlled using fire. The use of genetic resistant pine strains or clones has been identified in Austrian, ponderosa, and Monterey pines. Seeds from Eastern Europe have shown high resistance and are currently used to produce Austrian pines for Great Plains plantings. Sources of ponderosa pine seed have been identified as having high resistance and collected for planting in endemic areas. Control High-value nursery and Christmas tree plantings can benefit from chemical fungal control. Early detection is important and high dollar trees may be sprayed as a preventative measure in locations where the fungus is active. A copper fungicide spray program, repeated over several years, will eventually allow new, undamaged needles and branch tips to replace the diseased ones. Chemical applications should begin in spring where the first spray protects the previous years needles and the second spray protects the current years needles. When symptoms of the diseases have disappeared, you can discontinue spraying. Ask your local extension agent for recommended chemicals.

Cute Thanksgiving Quotes

Cute Thanksgiving Quotes Thanksgiving Day dates back to the 17th century, when the Pilgrims of Plymouth, along with some Native Americans held a three-day celebration and a grand feast. The Pilgrims had suffered a lot; many died due to the severe cold and starvation. The next year, the Pilgrims reaped a rich harvest, and they decided to share their bounty. The community feast included many kinds of food corn, turkey, venison, fish, pumpkin, peas, onions, plums and nuts. Most of the food served on the first Thanksgiving has now become the staple for Thanksgiving dinner. Turkey took center-stage as the chosen fowl, and pumpkin pie earned its share of the limelight. In this way, Thanksgiving feast became a symbol of American culture. Richard BelzerWhat am I grateful for? Aside from my own great life, you mean? Im just grateful that my wife, and daughter, and dogs are all healthy. W. J. CameronThanksgiving, after all, is a word of action. Robin Williams[when asked about what he was most thankful about]: Being alive. After heart surgery, you dig that part. Breath, family and friends are just amazing. Just to have a second shot is pretty great! John TaylorAnd though I ebb in worth, Ill flow in thanks. Konrad von GesnerBest of all is it to preserve everything in a pure, still heart, and let there be for every pulse a thanksgiving, and for every breath a song. Amanda BradleyCelebrate the happiness that friends are always giving, make every day a holiday and celebrate just living! Wilbur D. Nesbit Forever on Thanksgiving DayThe heart will find the pathway home. Gerald GoodIf you want to turn your life around, try thankfulness. It will change your life mightily. A. W. TozerPerhaps it takes a purer faith to praise God for unrealized blessings than for those we once enjoyed or those we enjoy now. Arthur Guiterman, The First ThanksgivingSo once in every year we throngUpon a day apart,To praise the Lord with feast and songIn thankfulness of heart. Edward Sandford MartinThanksgiving Day comes, by statute, once a year; to the honest man it comes as frequently as the heart of gratitude will allow. Ray Stannard BakerThanksgiving is the holiday of peace, the celebration of work and the simple life... a true folk-festival that speaks the poetry of the turn of the seasons, the beauty of seedtime and harvest, the ripe product of the year - and the deep, deep connection of all these things with God. George Bernard ShawThere is no sincerer love than the love of food. Sir John TempletonHow wonderful it would be if we could help our children and grandchildren to learn thanksgiving at an early age. Thanksgiving opens the doors. It changes a childs personality. A child is resentful, negative, or thankful. Thankful children want to give, they radiate happiness; they draw people. Chinese ProverbWhen eating bamboo sprouts, remember the man who planted them. W. T. PurkiserNot what we say about our blessings, but how we use them, is the true measure of our thanksgiving. Irving BerlinGot no checkbooks, got no banks. Still, Id like to express my thanks - I got the sun in the morning and the moon at night. Robert Casper LintnerThanksgiving was never meant to be shut up in a single day. Todd EnglishTurkey, unlike chicken, has very elegant characteristics. It has more of a cache than chicken. Turkey is a delicacy, so it should be presented in such a way. G. K. ChestertonYou say grace before meals. All right. But I say grace before the concert and the opera, and grace before the play and pantomime, and grace before I open a book, and grace before sketching, painting, swimming, fencing, boxing, walking, playing, dancing and grace before I dip the pen in the ink.

The practises and process of change management Essay

The practises and process of change management - Essay Example Due to ease of measurement and adjustment, more concentration is given to the hard side and the soft side is ignored as the impacts on the soft side are hard to measure and due to this difficulty, they are even hard to alter. It is clear that the most challenging part of change management is the soft side or the side that concerns people. Body A huge range of change management models and literature is available to help managers in dealing with changes and implementing changes successfully. Theoretical models have provided tremendous amount of insight about how managers can successfully implement change. But these models are not applicable to every situation and managers need to handle change according to their own situations. The models provided for change by several theorists have been created while keeping in mind that these models are applicable to the general population of the organizations. The first theory proposed regarding change was done by Kurt Lewin in which he stated that there are a number of factors that influence an individual’s perception to change and an individual might go through three stages in order to accept and implement change. According to Kurt Lewin’s theory, change does not occur suddenly; rather individuals and organization go through a process before they finally adopt change. According to him there are three stages that need to be travelled for organization’s to change. The first part of this three staged process is unfreezing in which the state of an organism of not being ready to accept changed is altered to being ready and enthusiastic to take the initial steps to accept change (MAILICK, 1998, p.15). The unfreezing stage is undoubtedly the most important of all stages because in this change an individual has to first be ready to change. To make an individual ready to accept change, the management of an organization has to take several necessary steps. These steps include, informing employees about the necess ity of changing and the current comfort boundary is no longer a viable option. The information about necessity to change will motivate individuals and the higher will be the amount of urgency to change, the higher the level of employee motivation towards change will increase (GILLEY, 2005, p.35). Once the management has been successful in unfreezing the people working within the organization, they next move towards solving the issue of how to continue with the change process. Kurt Lewin states that change is not a one time event; it continues to take place in the form of a process and thus has regarded the process of change as a transition (MAILICK, 1998, p.15). Transition here does not signal the changes that can be witnessed; rather these changes include those alterations that take place inside as a reaction of the proposed change. The second stage proposed by Kurt Lewin is the changing stage in which the actual change arises and the changes that are desirable take place. In this stage, the employees working within an organization shift from old ways of doing things to new ways of doing things. The problem with this stage is that it is the most complex stage of the entire change process as this stage gives rises to the fear of unknown within the people (SENGUPTA, 2006, p.3). This change step is even considered difficult as in

Assignment 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

1 - Assignment Example ssue is presently fronting Ashinabe comprise economic development to reduce unemployment, the protection of the wild rice industry from commercial growers, improved medical to battle ailment like diabetes and alcoholism. Also, better management of natural resources, safeguard of treaty of rights and accomplishment of sovereignty as well as amplified prominence on advanced learning to train professional and recommence cultural bonds. Traditionally, health issues affected Ashinabe when they first met the non-Native people suffered from epidemics such as smallpox. Woman married immediately after puberty at age 14 and 15 while boys married as they could able to support family and intermarriages was acceptable as well as polygamy. During birth, parents appointed an elder to give the baby the sacred or dream name and tended to teach by aunts, seniors and mothers at seven years and boys (Hilger 37). Boys were consequently taught hunting and fishing skills by men as girls learned domestic skills from seniors and women with moral values taught through examples and storytelling. Culture of was altered through Anishinabe contact with the non-Native Americans. Trade deepened as Anishinabe hinges on traded goods rather than clothing and utensils. Reservation circumscribed their seasonal movement, formalized education eliminating children from families and the government’s relocation policies disseminated tribe memberships. The culture currently experiencing a rebirth as natives and non-natives are studying Anishibale botany, crafts, myths, and religion. Wild ricing is still valued, even sacred, and constituent of culture in spite that the decline of munificent harvest Anishinabe is fretful about the degradation of the environment by industry and mismanagement. Wild rice harvesting has suffered a setback of alteration in water levels, water pollution, and boat traffic, incursion of alien species of animals and plants as well as housing construction. Logging enterprise have

Faculty of Business Environment and Society Essay - 7

Faculty of Business Environment and Society - Essay Example From this discussion stresses that  workforce engagement is referred to the concept which has become more and more mainstreamed into the management thought. It is observed as an inner state of being i.e. both emotional and mental, and physical; which brings together previous notions of organisational commitment, work effort, and job satisfaction. The definition of workforce/employee engagement gives three scopes to the workforce engagement: intellectual engagement, social engagement, and affective engagement.This study outlines that  managers of human resource department can promote the employees’ engagement within their own company or elsewhere by involving in different practices. Competent and passionate leadership is vital to workforce engagement. Showing an authentic interest in the employees as well as investing time to understand the aspirations and needs of workforce will help them to realise that their contribution in the firm is valued. Engaged workforce should be provided with the opportunity to effectively use their talents and should also be encouraged to expand those skills and talents to show their progress in the company. Managers should involve the workforce in discussions in order to help them to realise that their suggestions are valued and taken by the top management.  The companies should adopt people-focused customs/culture in their operations as employees are the biggest asset of the company.

Lawmaking in the States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lawmaking in the States - Essay Example Lawmaking is not only made contentious, but very difficult, due to partisanship. The legislature is affected adversely due to the bitter partisanship, when the two parties just keep on playing the blame game and side with their own party member, irrespective of their own personal beliefs, and without taking into account the cost of their â€Å"fights† to the public exchequer. It is interesting to note that the Senate delayed the state budgets of both 1997 and 1999 by months due to partisanship. The Republicans blamed Majority Leader Chuck Chvala for it, whereas he passed the proverbial buck to the Republicans. No matter who was responsible, the result was that with so much time spent on passing the budget, there was very little time left for other legislation. The legislators deliberate policy proposals in the Senate or the House of Representatives (U. S. Congress). A proposal is introduced as a â€Å"bill† or a â€Å"resolution† by any member of the house in front of a Committee, which can hold meetings or collect relevant evidence and can also amend the bill if they consider it necessary. The bills are approved if the majority of the House votes for it. Once these proposals/ bills are approved they are sent to the other house for deliberation. Legislators build support through various ways, these include, but are not limited to, creating advisory committees consisting of people supporting the proposal and reaching out to others with the proposal. Also newsletters are published with information about the proposal, along with the results of Community Surveys on the proposal. They also attend as many Community Meetings as possible with the view of increasing their relationship with the local people as well as the media. When there is a difference of opinion between the two chambers of the legislature, or when there is an amendment being made at the second chamber, the bill

Dominos Pizza Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Dominos Pizza - Essay Example Moreover, the company performance is seen in the light of industry comparison as well. Trend analysis and vertical analysis are done to compare company’s performance with its base year 2008 and calculating indexes based on it. Various trends are observed and interpreted in light of market’s performance. Moreover, vertical analysis sheds light on company’s key title accounts in relation to the base title. Positive and negative trends are identified and analyzed to provide critical insight. Ratio analysis is done in detail to provide insight about company’s profitability, liquidity, capital structure, market performance and asset efficiency to help investors, creditors and management make decisions about the company’s future. Background: Domino’s Pizza, Inc. (Domino’s) was founded by two siblings from Michigan in 1960, where they acquired a store name DomiNick’s. It started as a product and after five years transmitted into a brand named ‘Dominos’. . It operates as a pizza delivery company in the United States and internationally as well. Domino’s has always seen itself as a growing organization which was evident by the urge to become international. In 1983, it went global and took a ride to become the leading pizza maker in the world. Domino’s employs around 10,900 people in their 9,351 stores worldwide. Domino’s is recognized internationally and in order to provide a common man to be a shareholder in the value Domino’s provide, it got listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) as DPZ in 2004. Domino’s operate in a highly competitive market and to maintain its brand equity, continuous innovation and promotional activities assist heavily in reachi ng its objectives in adequate time. Domino’

The Apportionment Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Apportionment Problem - Essay Example This is so that they could have more than one representative, as Five would technically have .07! Changes in population would cause this apportionment to be revisited occasionally and again, the US method of a census every decade determining representation would be the best bet. The biggest problem with this is the method is absolutely unfair in that four states (3, 4, 6 and 8) will control 65% of the votes. However the method seems to work quite well in the US where states like California and New York likewise have a large representation. Yet the country’s multiple party method seems to work quite well, for Congressional votes are generally along party lines and seldom do all members from one particular state band together (Theriault). Of course appeasing State Five by adding seats so that it could have equality in Congress could very well result in what is known as an Alabama Paradox. This occurred for that state in 1880, whereby adding seats to Congress so that Alabama could gain actually caused it to actually lose a seat, due to the mathematical statistics (Janson). Another methodology would be the Huntington-Hill, a more complex formula that utilizes square roots but which is also more equitable (See Table 2) (US Census). Based upon the calculations I have listed, apportionment is the best answer for fair and equal representation of each state. No matter how else it is drawn smaller states such as Five will always face having less representation (Much as Montana and Wyoming only also have one vote whereas minute Rhode Island has 2). The only other way would be to divide the 100 seats by the number of states (10 each), just like the US Senate has a standard of two per state, no matter the

Dominos Pizza Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Dominos Pizza - Essay Example Moreover, the company performance is seen in the light of industry comparison as well. Trend analysis and vertical analysis are done to compare company’s performance with its base year 2008 and calculating indexes based on it. Various trends are observed and interpreted in light of market’s performance. Moreover, vertical analysis sheds light on company’s key title accounts in relation to the base title. Positive and negative trends are identified and analyzed to provide critical insight. Ratio analysis is done in detail to provide insight about company’s profitability, liquidity, capital structure, market performance and asset efficiency to help investors, creditors and management make decisions about the company’s future. Background: Domino’s Pizza, Inc. (Domino’s) was founded by two siblings from Michigan in 1960, where they acquired a store name DomiNick’s. It started as a product and after five years transmitted into a brand named ‘Dominos’. . It operates as a pizza delivery company in the United States and internationally as well. Domino’s has always seen itself as a growing organization which was evident by the urge to become international. In 1983, it went global and took a ride to become the leading pizza maker in the world. Domino’s employs around 10,900 people in their 9,351 stores worldwide. Domino’s is recognized internationally and in order to provide a common man to be a shareholder in the value Domino’s provide, it got listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) as DPZ in 2004. Domino’s operate in a highly competitive market and to maintain its brand equity, continuous innovation and promotional activities assist heavily in reachi ng its objectives in adequate time. Domino’

The Gutai Seen Through a Zen Lens Essay Example for Free

The Gutai Seen Through a Zen Lens Essay The Gutai Group are well known for their actions and have been considered by many a link between western contemporary art movements and contemporary eastern art. In February of 1998 the Museum of Contemporary Art in New York exhibited Out of Actions: Between Performance and the Object, 1949-1979. In the exhibition catalog, of the same name, the Gutai Group is discussed extensively as a new tradition of action artists who were developing and practicing similar work as the likes of Pollock and Kaprow. Little heed is taken to examine the traditions that the artists came from, were influence by, and inevitably continued. Though the Gutai Group is considered a rebellious group of artists who broke from tradition, when looking back, many links between Japanese art before World War II[1] and the groups work are found. Most of these links can be seen when a close reading of the Gutai Group Manifesto is viewed from a Zen Buddhist perspective. It will be seen that the Gutai Group, though unorthodox, created artwork that is at the very least influence if not actually representative of Zen artwork.

What Are The Causes Of Childhood Obesity Health Essay

What Are The Causes Of Childhood Obesity Health Essay Throughout the years, obesity has been a very important topic in our society and has risen exponentially among children and many researchers have wondered what are the causes of childhood obesity. There are many components which contribute to the causes of child obesity. Also people need to understand what exactly is body-mass-index and how it will be used to decide whether the child is categorized as being obese or not. Here are the some of the primary causes that affect children leading into obsession. The children consume so much food, are exposed to too many advertisements, lack physical activity, parents influence their actions, and the childrens living environments and socioeconomic factors influence them. Many blame that children eat beyond their control and this happens to be the number one cause. The second cause is children are exposed too many food commercials of less healthy foods and eventually are convinced into consuming the product. The third reason is children tend t o lack physical activity by rather spending countless hours playing video games and browsing the internet. The fourth cause is that the children parents influences them, and the genetics of the parents is a great influence on childrens overweight and obesity. The last cause is the childs living environment and their socioeconomic status influences their decisions and actions. These are the main components that lead into causing obesity among the children. What factors make children to be considered obese from a normal weight. What is obesity and BMI? Typically, obesity and overweight children are characterized as having a body-mass-index (BMI) greater than a particular threshold set point. BMI or body-mass-index undistinguished as a measurement in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (kg/m2) (Anderson 20). Reported by the guidelines in National Institutes of Health, a child is well categorized as obese if their body-mass-index is less than 18.5, the kids are considered overweight if their BMI is 25 or more, and obese if his BMI is 31 or more (20). Most people have no significant idea of what exactly is obesity. According to the Center for Disease Control and prevention, obesity is defined as a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced 6 life expectancy and/or increased health problems (CDC, 2013). In the article Childhood Obesity: An Overview, it mentions that it can happen only when the number of calories being consumed surpasses the quantity of calories burned, and usually an increase of this action has to last for long periods of time for obesity to be developed (Reily 2007) In order for a child to not be obese, it will take them days of lifestyle changes which produce a small every day calorie deficiency in their food diet. In the long run it is necessity that lifestyle changes is a huge contributor to the failure of efforts to resolve obesity once it has become established. When the children consume much more calories than they burn off, they increase that as obese weight. (WebMD 1) How children eat, how physically active they are, and many numerous components play a part on how it impacts their body and uses the energy units and when weight is increased. These are the basics of obesity and how the body-mass index is use to classified children as obese. The number one cause is children intake way too much unhealthy food products such as soft drinks, fast food, convenient snack food, chips, and junk food, etc. When the children eat this certain type of food, the calories sum up creating body fat or also known as BMI. Most children tend to miss a great diet and are easily exposed to unhealthy food; therefore, they will consume as they are pleased (Anderson and Butcher 14). The three major food categories are convenience foods, soft drinks, and obviously fast food. All these are calorie dense and there is some evidence that consuming these items are correlated with obesity in children (35). Also the much more children consume this type of food, the easier it is for them to get addicted. The worlds leading global fast food service retailer with more than 34,000 and counting restaurants worldwide goes to the McDonalds Corporation franchise and they happened to sell the two unhealthiest leading food products that causes obesity, which are french fries and chicken nuggets (McDonalds 1). Nevertheless, children tend to always eat them at any fast food place. They cannot enjoy their meal without a side of french fries or chicken tenders. Another thing children face are the easy access to junk food in schools. Much more schools across America have carried out school vending machines that contain highly calorie snacks such as candy bars and chips. Fast food companies use tactics against children such as advertising to brain wash them to consume their food products. The second cause leading to child obesity is that many of the children that end getting overweight are exposed to hundreds of advertising of unhealthy foods. The television advertisements are very influential and persuasive to the childrens mind. On average, the child watches an estimate of more than 23,000 food commercials every year and works out to at least 60 commercials per day (Anderson and Butcher 32). Also many children get influenced by prizes or characters of the advertisement. For example, when children see an advertisement on the television for a kids meal; they will get convinced into buying the meal because their neurons urges the kid to wan the super, marvelous action figure found inside. This is why the McDonalds Happy meals are the number one selling food product to children. The children in todays society tend to not do physical activities because their days consist of computer and television interaction. Another cause to child obesity is that many obese children do not control their overall health and lack physical activity to burn off the excess of calories. Children may be substituting different sorts of media for television watching, including video games and the internet (Anderson and Butcher 26). The kids already are not burning up the calories by not choosing to exercise and add many more calories to their bodies. The body systems of the child will not be able to burn off the calories when they do this actions. Thus, this cause raises the energy consumption or decreases energy outgo by even a little measure that will cause obesity in the long-run. Prospectively, physical activity was inversely related to with BMI alteration in girls, and media time periods (watching television or videos, playing video or computer games) was directly connected with BMI alterations in both sexes (Hans-Reiner Figulla 209). A factor that many really dont notice that affect the child health choices are the parents themselves. A cause that usually is not taken in consideration to child obesity are the parents themselves. While parental behavior is important, perhaps the largest influence on the children weight, and obesity is through genetics. For example, it is known that parents influence the childrens food choices. Also the laboring of the parents, makes it difficult to plan and cook healthier meals. For most Americans, it is effortless to get precooked products, eat out in the restaurants, or go to the store to buy products. But these types of foods are higher in fat and high in calories. The quantity of fast food products have gotten a lot bigger in size and this contributes to bad food consumption. Occupation agendas, lengthy travels from the workplace, and other commitments also cuts into the time period the parents have their kids doing physical exercise. Recent reports have concluded that about 26 to 41 percent of BMI is hereditary (Anderson and Butcher 10). Alternately it seems that parents may p ass on to their children a condition to overweight in the existence of energy imbalance. (10) The environment in which the children live can also influence and effect children to getting obese. The fifth cause is that is taken in consideration to child obesity is the environment and socioeconomic conditions of the children. Obesity is higher among minority children and low-income children such as African-American and Hispanics decent (Anderson 15). It all the depends where the children live. If the environment is under poverty conditions, the parents will most likely expose their children to consume cheap food for the penny. Now much more fast food corporations have increased their portion sizes of their products and cost a lot cheaper. Whose family members that are overweight may be at jeopardy of becoming overweight themselves, but this can be connected to common family actions such as consumption and human activity habits. For example, my mother was a considerably overweight at the time of pregnancy when she had me; therefore I was born obesity and I was two pounds overweight. In conclusion, these are some of the major components that cause child obesity. Most of the time it isnt just the child itself but there are much more to what causes obesity among them. Also most dont realize that by using the body mass index or BMI is used to categorized the child as being obese. The obvious one is when the child over eats too much and doesnt burn off the calories they intake and that add fat weight on their bodies. Many people also didnt realize that the environment the child lives in can not only influence the children but also their parents. It is mainly the childs environment that influences the children to either make positive or negative choices. The causes are child obesity are clearly that they consume so much food, are exposed to too many advertisements, lack physical activity performance, parents influence their actions, and the childrens living environments and socioeconomic factors influence them as well.

Abortion :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Types of abortion†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Abortion is a common practice that may be performed for several reasons, all sharing the same end result, the termination of an unwanted pregnancy. In cases such as rape, incest or a simple lack of responsibility when having sex, having an abortion is a choice that some women may encounter. There are different types of abortion in today’s society. Some which are too scary to even dream of. There are two types of abortions: Spontaneous abortions; miscarriages and Induced, this is the deliberate termination of the fetus. If the fetus weighs less than 18oz or is less than 20 weeks into the pregnancy, it is usually considered an abortion. These usually occur during the first three months of pregnancy. It is estimated that 25% of all pregnancies end in spontaneous abortion (Epner 725). The very early stage of the pregnancy, up to 49 days after conception, the woman has two choices. The first is to take a combination of drugs. The embryo is then passed out. The other method is to use a syringe, and gently suck the embryo out. The next type can be preformed six to fourteen weeks after conception. The method the doctor’s use is to insert a tube in the vagina, and then hook it up to a suction machine. The fetus is then removed. This procedure takes about ten minutes. The second trimester abortions are called D&E, which stands for dilation and evacuation. These are preformed up to the twenty-fifth week of pregnancy, and usually take ten to twenty minutes. The way they are preformed is the woman is giv en absorbent dilators, which open up the cervix and absorb the fluids. After this is left in overnight the woman then is ready for the evacuation stage. The fetus is easily removed with instruments and suction. In the last trimester of the pregnancy abortions are preformed mainly if the woman’s life is in danger or the fetus is severely deformed. Only one out of every ten thousand abortions are preformed this way. The main way that is used is by injecting a salt solution into the vagina, causing contractions. The baby is then born stillbirth (Epner 724).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second form of abortion is induced abortion. There are four main types of induced abortions. The first takes place up to 12 weeks. It is called vacuum aspiration. This is where a tube attached to a vacuum is inserted into the uterus and sucks out the embryo and all other material.

Historys Eras Essay -- American History USA Essays

History's Eras Throughout the many changes in history and fluctuations in economy during times of war and times of rebuilding, there are several key people and events that have greatly affected America's path forever within the multiple Eras. Each abrupt turn in history is the result of someone's decision or some event that placed the power in someone else's hands. These sometimes critical and morally questioned times make up the guide not only to our history, but our future as well. They teach us which way not to go again, and what is, and what use to be extremely important in preserving the American culture that was founded not so long ago. By viewing these movements, wars and moral evolutions, we can see how far America has come so far and where it should go. Reconstruction took several different turns within the twelve year period of 1865-1877. Although President Lincoln revealed the rough road that lay ahead by presenting his Ten Percent Plan and the 13th Amendment, he would have little to do with what was to come due to his untimely assassination by John Wilkes Booth. Booth changed the course of history at that moment by handing the presidency to Vice President Andrew Johnson. Johnson rolled back several gains that Lincoln had in store. He had little to no sympathy for the enslaved blacks and blamed wealthy property owners and high ranking Confederate Officials for the South's poverty. With the now Union functioning governments of the former Confederate states, Republicans were "Sympathetic" to Johnson's decision to put the power of the freed men's civil and political rights into the hands of the individual states. This brought on the laws or "Black Codes" which gave them no choice but to live the slave life ... ...hip and programs, but overall the public saw him as a hero. He changed the connection between government and Americans forever. After reviewing the countless trials and successes America has gone through, it is clear that she has been mis-guided and set back on track several times. With our system of democracy that has been molded and shaped over several periods, it is clear that America is a powerful nation that is continuing to grow. Each president, advisor and citizen has shown their love for this country and its people in so many ways, and by this they have changed the path of history forever. One individual can change history forever, Abraham Lincoln, John Wilkes Booth, Rosa Parks and even Margaret Sanger are all people that dramatically influenced the way America is today and the way it might have been had they not had dreams and morals that fueled them.

Forms, Symptoms And Factors Of Breast Cancer

Breast malignant neoplastic disease is a disease in which the tissues of the chest signifier malignant malignant neoplastic disease cells. Normally the tubing which carry the milk to the mammilla ( canals ) and secretory organ ( lobules ) . It is common in both work forces and adult females ; male chest malignant neoplastic disease is rare although, it is considered a heterogenous disease differing by single, age group, and even the sorts of cells within the tumor themselves.Types of Breast Cancers:Ductal Carcinoma: it is the non-invasive chest malignant neoplastic disease, which starts in the cell line of the chest ‘s canals, beneath the mammilla and areola. The canals supply milk to the mammilla. Between 85 % and 90 % of all chest malignant neoplastic diseases are ductal. Lobular Carcinoma: it begins in the lobes, or secretory organs which produce milk in the chest. These are located inside the chest, under the canals. About 8 % of chest malignant neoplastic diseases are lobular Inflammatory Breast Cancer: It is the least common, rapid signifier of chest malignant neoplastic disease, which can be progress about 1 % to 3 % to name. This chest will appears conceited and inflamed it causes by redness by taking the signifier of sheets or nests. It can get down in the soft tissues of the chest under the tegument, or it can look in the tegument Paget ‘s disease of the nipple/areola: this malignant neoplastic disease appears as skin roseola on the mammilla or unsmooth tegument. It can be resembles as itchy. The marks of rubing and may be under the surface of the tegument. This will bespeak a little Ductal carcinoma in suit ( DCIS )Phases of Breast Cancer:Phase 0: is sometimes used to depict unnatural cells that are non invasive malignant neoplastic disease. For illustration, Stage 0 is used for Ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS ) . DCIS is diagnosed when unnatural cells are in the liner of a chest canal, but the unnatural cells have non invaded nearby breast tissue or spread outside the canal. Although many physicians do n't see DCIS to be malignant neoplastic disease, DCIS sometimes becomes invasive chest malignant neoplastic disease if non treated. Phase I: is an early phase of invasive chest malignant neoplastic disease. Cancer cells have invaded chest tissue beyond where the malignant neoplastic disease started, but the cells have non spread beyond the chest. The tumour is no more than 2 centimeters ( three-fourthss of an inch ) across. Phase Two: is one of the followers: The tumour is no more than 2 centimeters across. The malignant neoplastic disease has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. The tumour is between 2 and 5 centimeters The malignant neoplastic disease has non spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. The tumour is larger than 5 centimeters.The malignant neoplastic disease has non spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. Phase Three: is locally advanced malignant neoplastic disease. It is divided into Phase III A: Breast Cancer-the tumour is larger than two centimeters but smaller than five centimeters ( about one to two inches ) and has spread to up to nine subsidiary underhand lymph nodes. Phase III B: Breast Cancer- the malignant neoplastic disease has spread to tissues near the chest including the tegument, chest wall, ribs, musculuss, or lymph nodes in the chest wall or above the clavicle. Phase Four: is distant metastatic malignant neoplastic disease. The malignant neoplastic disease has spread to other parts of the organic structure, such as the castanetss or liver.Incidence:How common is breast malignant neoplastic disease:As per the study in 2007, 45,700 adult females were victim of the chest malignant neoplastic disease. While in the same twelvemonth the work forces count goes to 277 were diagnosed. Incidence rate of chest malignant neoplastic disease in females around by 50 % over the last 20 five. Out of 10 eight of adult females 50 old ages of age were enduring from chest malignant neoplastic disease. Breast malignant neoplastic disease rates have increased up to 5 % in last 10 old ages. National Health Service ( NHS ) testing programmes were conducted in that more than 16,000 instances found in UK in 2007/2008. Among that NHS testing programme claim to salvage 1,000 lives each twelvemonth. Throughout the universe around 1.38 million adult females were diagnosed with the chest malignant neoplastic disease. Incidence rate of chest malignant neoplastic disease were extremely considerable in western in Europe, as per low rates considerable in Africa and Asia Europeans brotherhood shows breast malignant neoplastic disease were diagnosed around 332,000 in the twelvemonth of 2008. 12,000 adult females and 70 work forces were died from chest malignant neoplastic disease in 2008 in the UK. More than half of 70 old ages of age are died from chest malignant neoplastic disease. Worldwide 458,000 adult females are died from chest malignant neoplastic disease in 2008. It is the 2nd most common cause of decease of adult females after lung malignant neoplastic disease. In Europe brotherhood around 89,000 died from chest malignant neoplastic disease in 2008.Signs and Symptoms:Early chest malignant neoplastic disease normally does n't do symptoms but as the tumor grows, it can alter how the chest looks or feels. The common alterations include: †¢ A ball or thickener in or near the chest or in the underhand country †¢ A alteration in the size or form of the chest †¢ Dimpling or rumpling in the tegument of the chest †¢ A mammilla turned inward into the chest †¢ Discharge ( fluid ) from the mammilla, particularly if it ‘s bloody Most symptoms of chest upset do non turn out to stand for implicit in chest malignant neoplastic disease. Benign chest diseases such as mastitis and fibro adenoma of the chest are more common causes of chest upset symptoms. The visual aspect of a new symptom should be taken earnestly by both patients and their physicians, because of the possibility of an implicit in chest malignant neoplastic disease at about any age.Hazard Factors:Many of the most of import hazard factors for chest malignant neoplastic disease are beyond your control, such as age, household history, and medical history. However, there are some hazard factors you can command, such as weight, physical activity, and intoxicant ingestion. Age: The opportunity of acquiring chest malignant neoplastic disease increases as you get older. Most adult females are 60+ old ages old when they are diagnosed. Personal wellness history: Having chest malignant neoplastic disease in one chest increases your hazard of acquiring malignant neoplastic disease in your other chest. Besides, holding certain types of unnatural chest cells ( untypical hyperplasia, lobular carcinoma in situ [ LCIS ] , or Ductal carcinoma in situ [ DCIS ] ) increases the hazard of invasive chest malignant neoplastic disease. These conditions are found with a chest biopsy. Family wellness history: Your hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease is higher if your female parent, male parent, sister, or girl had breast malignant neoplastic disease. The hazard is even higher if your household member had breast malignant neoplastic disease before age 50. Having other relations ( in either your female parent ‘s or male parent ‘s household ) with chest malignant neoplastic disease or ovarian malignant neoplastic disease may besides increase your hazard.Hazard factors you can command:Weight: Being overweight is associated with increased hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease, particularly for adult females after climacteric. Fat tissue is the organic structure ‘s chief beginning of estrogens after climacteric, when the ovaries stop bring forthing the endocrine. Having more fat tissue means holding higher estrogens degrees, which can increase chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard. Exercise: Evidence is turning that exercising can cut down chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard. The American Cancer Society recommends prosecuting in 45-60 proceedingss of physical exercising 5 or more yearss a hebdomad. Alcohol ingestion: Surveies have shown that chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard additions with the sum of intoxicant a adult female drinks. Alcohol can restrict your liver ‘s ability to command blood degrees of the endocrine estrogens, which in bend can increase hazard. Smoke: Smoke is associated with a little addition in chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard.Treatment:Womans enduring with chest malignant neoplastic disease have many types of intervention options. The intervention options are best for one adult female may non be best for another. The intervention options are: Surgery Radiation therapy Hormone therapy Chemotherapy Targeted therapy Among this Surgery and radiation therapy are types of local therapy. They remove or destroy malignant neoplastic disease in the chest. Hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy are types of systemic therapy. The drug enters in to bloodstream and destruct or controls malignant neoplastic disease throughout the organic structure. The intervention that ‘s right for you depends chiefly on the phase of the malignant neoplastic disease, the consequences of the endocrine receptor trials, the consequence of the HER2/neu trial, and your general wellness.SurgeryPresents Surgery is the most common intervention for chest malignant neoplastic disease. It consist of 2 types Breast-sparing surgery: This type of surgery is to take the malignant neoplastic disease but non the chest. It besides called breast-conserving surgery. It can be a lumpectomy or a segmental mastectomy. Sometimes an excisional biopsy is the lone surgery a adult female needs because the sawbones removed the whole ball. Mastectomy: This type of surgery is to take the full chest ( or ) as much of the chest tissue as possible. In some instances, a skin-sparing mastectomy may be an option. Approach the sawbones removes every bit small tegument as possible. The sawbones normally removes one or more lymph nodes from under the arm to look into for malignant neoplastic disease cells. If malignant neoplastic disease cells are found in the lymph nodes, other malignant neoplastic disease interventions will be needed. ( For more about information about lymph node biopsy, you may take to hold breast Reconstruction. This is fictile surgery to reconstruct the form of the chest. It may be done at the same clip as the malignant neoplastic disease surgery or subsequently. In breast-sparing surgery, the sawbones removes the malignant neoplastic disease in the chest and some normal tissue around it.Radiation TherapyIt besides called as radiation therapy it can be used to kill high-energy beams of malignant neoplastic disease cells. It affects cells merely in the portion of the organic structure that is treated. These are 2 types External radiation therapy: in this therapy radiation comes from a big machine outside the organic structure. A intervention is normally 5 yearss a hebdomad for 4 to 6 hebdomads. External radiation is the most common type used for chest malignant neoplastic disease. Internal radiation therapy: ( implant radiation therapy or brachytherapy ) . The physician places one or more thin tubings inside the chest through a bantam scratch. A radioactive substance is loaded into the tubing. The intervention session may last for a few proceedingss, and the substance is removed. When it ‘s removed, no radiation remains in your organic structure. Side effects chiefly depend on the dosage and type of radiation. It ‘s common for the tegument in the treated country to go ruddy, dry, stamp, and itchy. Your chest may experience heavy and tight. Internal radiation therapy may do your chest expression red or bruised Hormone Therapy: It may besides name anti-hormone intervention. If laboratory trials show that the tumour in your chest has hormone receptors, so hormone therapy may be an option. Hormone therapy supports malignant neoplastic disease cells from acquiring or utilizing the natural endocrines ( estrogen and Lipo-Lutin ) they need to turn. Chemotherapy: In Chemotherapy we have to utilizations drugs to kill malignant neoplastic disease cells. The drugs that are treated in chest malignant neoplastic disease are normally given through a vena ( endovenous ) . The side effects depend chiefly on which drugs are given and how much. Chemotherapy kills aggressive malignant neoplastic disease cells, but the drugs can besides harm normal cells that divide quickly. They are blood cells, cell in hair roots, cells in the digestive path. Targeted Therapy: In Some adult females with breast malignant neoplastic disease may have drugs called targeted therapy. These drugs can barricade the growing of chest malignant neoplastic disease cells. For illustration, targeted therapy may barricade the action of an unnatural protein which stimulates the growing of chest malignant neoplastic disease cells. Class Action ExamplesSERMs ( selective estrogen-receptor modulators )Bind to estrogen receptors in chest malignant neoplastic disease cells, hungering malignant neoplastic disease cells Estrogen antagonist Evista ( raloxifene ) Fareston ( toremifene )Aromatase inhibitorsIt stops the production of estrogen in adrenal secretory organ Armasin ( exemestane ) Femera ( cletrozole ) Arimidex ( ahastrozole )Biologic response qualifierIt binds the protein on chest malignant neoplastic disease cells and prevents their growing Herceptin ( megestrol ) Other hormonal therapies Breast malignant neoplastic disease dependant on estrogen for endurance treated on other hormonal therapy zoladex ( goserelin ethanoate ) Faslodex ( fulvestrant )

Evolution and Human Beings Essay

Allama Muhammad Iqbal is one of the most outstanding poet-philosophers of the Indian sub-continent belonging to the modern period. His intellectual genius has reigned supreme in the arena of Islamic philosophy during the twentieth century and is likely to direct and influence the Islamic Intellectual tradition in the twenty first century as well. His sublime poetry and philosophy inspired millions of Muslims to wake up to the reality of the times and forge a destiny for themselves. Iqbal explained evolution on the basis of his religious knowledge as well as his experiences in the western society. One of the facets of Iqbal’s genius is the fluidity with which he displays his in-depth knowledge and critical analysis of both Islamic and Western philosophies, theories and concepts. He compared the Quranic concepts of evolution with the western ones. Then, he gave his own concept of evolution. Allama Iqbal’s Concepts of Evolution: Allama Iqbal is against the concept of a fixed and static universe. He consistently upholds that existence reveals itself in constant change. If there is anything which is constant, it is the change itself. According to him, God‘s creative activity is ever-continuing and He is constantly sustaining this universe. God is not only the cause but also the reason of the universe. He believed that the Ultimate Ego was Allah, who, though transcendent in His essence, was intimately connected to human beings through His amr. For Iqbal amr stood for the creative power and will of God. He gave the concept of ‘egos’. At the lowest level egos are unconscious, in the higher order of being, they become conscious. Egos achieve utmost consciousness and finally become self-consciousness in human beings, the highest being in nature and the vicegerent of God. Man is the only being awarded with moral freedom and responsibility. Using his freedom of choice with responsibility, humans approach closer and closer the excellence that is divine. Being conscious of one’s real self i.e self realization is the goal of moral actions. Self, according to him, is of two kinds. The efficient self which actually operates and has dealings with others in spatio-temporal world. The appreciative self which is the real ‘I-amness’ and is divine in nature. It is the self which has to be recognized to have a new and different perspective about the world. The process of evolution and self-realization is not aimless. Iqbal believes that it is purely purposive in nature. However, there is no pre-determined single purpose towards which evolution moves. Rather, fresh goals ever continue to be created during the evolutionary course. Obedience, self-discipline and vicegernce of God are three degrees of development of self in man by passing through which he attain the ideal of a perfect manhood. Analysis: This theory explains evolution in a very unique way. Being a muslim, i find no fault in this theory as it explains everything very clearly and its evidence can also be found in the Quranic verses. The way he has explained everything in the islamic context makes it very difficult to contradict with this theory. Following is the elaboration and analysis of this evolutionary theory on the basis of Iqbal’s explanation, in my own words. Concept of Change: As he was of the opinion that the universe is not static, this is true. We can also find it in the verses of Surah Yaseen. God has talked about the way sun, moon, stars and all the planets keep moving all day and night long. Physicists have also proved that things which appear to be solid and motionless are also in constant state of motion. Their particles also vibrate in a specific manner but we can not sense or feel it. Evolution itself is a process which denotes change. There are hundreds and millions of processes which are occurring in the universe in a continuous manner. So, Iqbal’s idea of an ever-changing universe is true. Concept of Evolution: His answer to the question â€Å"how did man first emerge?† is â€Å"he arose through evolution.† For this purpose, we can quote the following verses of Quran: â€Å"Does not man bear in mind that we made him at first when he was naught?† (19:67) â€Å"Yet we are not thereby hindered from replacing you with others your likes or from producing you in a form which ye knew not! Ye have known the first creation, will you not reflect† (56:60-62). He explained his answer on the basis of above mentioned verses. Iqbal claims that, â€Å"this suggestive argument embodied in the last verses of the two passages quoted above did in fact open a new vista to Muslim philosophers. It was Jahiz who first hinted at the changes in animal life covered migrations and environment generally. The association known as the ‘Brethren Of Purity’ further amplified the views of Jahiz – Ibu Miskawaih, however, was the first Muslim thinker to give a clear and in many respects thoroughly modern theory of the origin of man.† In this context, we can say that Darwin said nothing new as the concept of evolution was already present in Islam from the very beginning. Tawheed: Iqbal is not in the favour of deism according to which God became uninterested in this universe after creating it and now it is operating on its own. This is not possible and in accordance with the rules of nature. God is continuously in contact with the universe and is governing every bit and part of it. Being a muslim he added the concept of Tawheed, oneness of God in the theory of evolution. He believed that the concept of tawhÃŒ £iÌ„d contained within it the unity of the spirit and matter, body and soul, the individual and society. The Ego (Khudi): According to this theory of creative evolution, the Ultimate Ego manifests itself, from the lowest forms of matter to the highest evolutionary form i.e. the spiritually most advanced human personality. God is the supreme ego from which only egos are produced. In Iqbal’s words, â€Å"Indeed the evolution of life shows that, though in the beginning the mental is dominated by the physical, the mental as it grows in power, tends to dominate the physical and may eventually rise to a position of complete independence.† What Iqbal means by this is that the process of creative evolution involves a gradual growth of the human individuality or ego (khudi). Iqbal used the word khudiÌ„ to denote the ego, the individuality of a person or the self. He described khudi as follows:- â€Å"Metaphysically the word khudiÌ„ (self-hood) is used in the sense of that indescribable feeling of ‘I’ which forms the basis of the uniqueness of each individual. Ethically the word khudiÌ„ means (as used by me) self-reliance, self-respect, self-confidence, self-preservation, self-assertion when such a thing is necessary, in the interest of life and power to stick to the cause of truth, justice, duty etc. even in the face of death. Such behaviour is moral in my opinion because it helps in the integration of the forces of the Ego, thus hardening it, as against the forces of disintegration and dissolution, practically the metaphysical ego is the bearer of two main rights that is the right to life and freedom as determined by Divine Law.† Iqbal believed in the gradual rising note of khudi or self-hood in the universe through the process of creative evolution till it reaches its highest potential in human beings. The universe according to Iqbal is the spatio-temporal order, where egos of varying levels dwell, interact and take part in the process of continuous change and continuous evolution. Iqbal’s concept of heaven and hell is d eeply connected to his concept of khudi. Hell is basically a disintegration and dissolution of the self or ego whereas heaven is a state where the personality has reached a heightened sense of self-awareness, self-consciousness and distinction. Hell is nothingness, an annihilation of the self. Heaven is the opposite of nothingness. It is to be real, an important, integral part of the Greater Reality. Iqbal quotes the Quran to support his concept of Khudi, the creative will and power inherent in human beings:- â€Å"And they ask thee of the soul. Say: the soul proceedeth from my Lord’s amr (Creative Will and Power) but of knowledge only a little is given to you.† (17:85) It is this nature of the soul that makes human beings distinct and the chosen ones from the rest of creation. Iqbal translates and interprets the word amr as the ‘Directive, Creative Will and Power of God.’ He believes that human beings can share in the creative activity of God by using their own God given creative will and power. Iqbal is an advocate of the freedom of the human personality. He quotes the Qur’an to substantiate his views: By the soul and He who has balanced it, and has shown to it the ways of wickedness and piety, blessed is he who has made it grow and undone is he who has corrupted it. (91:7-10) The ego grows from a position of hardly having any freedom from natural laws and natural appetites, to the position where the ego, through the use of its creative will and power, becomes more and more powerful, free, dynamic and independent. Iqbal says, â€Å"The ‘unceasing reward’ of man consists in his gradual growth in self-possession, in uniqueness, and intensity of his activity as an ego.† He says, â€Å"The fact that the higher emerges out of the lower does not rob the higher of its worth and dignity. It is not the origin of a thing that matters, it is the capacity, the significance, and the final reach of he emergent that matters†¦. It by no means follows that the emergent can be resolved into what has conditioned its birth and growth.† In fact the ideal of the evolutionary growth of the human personality is presented by Iqbal through the words of the Quran referring to the Prophet’s (PBUH) vision of the Ultimate Ego i.e. Allah at the nocturnal journey called the mi‘raaj: ‘His eye turned not aside, nor did it wander’ (Quran 53:17) When Prophet Moses came into contact with God’s Light, he could not sustain the impact. He lost consciousness due to the overwhelming effect of, in Iqbal’s words, the Ultimate Ego. But the emergence of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) gave perfection to human personality or ego in the evolutionary scale. Love or Ishq: Iqbal believed that behind the process of evolution is the vital impulse of ‘ishq’ or love which is metaphysical in nature and which makes life grow towards higher evolutionary goals. Goal of Evolution: Unlike Bergson, Iqbal believed that evolution has a goal. In fact, the evolution or dissolution of life is dependent on how far the individual chooses to use his or her creative will and power. The perfect man of Iqbal’s conception is mujahid who is ready and willing to face the problems of life, culture and society as he is to face the problems of after-life, spiritual welfare and death. The theory of ‘creative evolution’ as envisaged by Iqbal harnesses human creative potential under the spiritual discipline of religion as the instrument with which human beings become co-workers with God, effecting the destiny of the universe. In my point of view, it is a very comprehensive theory and I totally support it. I would like to end this debate in Iqbal’s words. In the Javid Nama God addresses human beings in this stirring call: Life is both mortal and immortal, it is all creativity and eagerness Art thou alive? Be eager, be creative Like us encompass the whole universe! Shatter into pieces what is uncongenial. Bring forth another world out of thy imagination! It is irksome to the man who is free, to live in a world of another’s making. He who lacks the power of creation is naught to us but an atheist and an agnostic! He has not taken his share of our Beauty. He has not eaten the fruit of the tree of life. Man of truth! Be sharp and incisive like the sword and forge the destiny of they own world!